Saturday, March 24, 2012

Consequences of Stress on Children's Development

Growing up as a young child in my neighborhood in Queens, New York I witnessed a lot of violence in the community. In the 1980s my neighborhood was known as the epic center of the crack epidemic with many drug gangs ruling the streets with drugs and violence. After the death of a young police officer the law enforcement enforced a harsh crackdown on the drugs and violence in the community. To this day the neighborhood is still known for illicit drug activities and violence.  I believed I coped with the circumstances in my community because of the values and lessons my mother and family set for me. Although we lived in an environment of crime we had a bond, my family valued education and also recognized that I needed to be “street smart.”  I was a curious child and asked many questions, my mother could not hid what was evident, so she would answer many of my questions and teach me “life-lessons”, as she would say. Another way I believed I coped with the violence in my community was my role models, they were working families, striving to make a difference for their families.  Many of the families on my street grew up together and all of the children played together. In the summer time, which was peak season for crime, we often had bbqs in each other’s backyards, organized games on the block, and parents took turns taking us to the park. They attempted to keep the influences of the gangs and drugs away from us by keeping us busy and protecting us by staying together as a community. I would love to say that all my family, childhood friends and their families were untouched by the violence but it would be untrue. I faced many trials growing up in my Queens neighborhood, but it has made me a stronger person today.

Violence in an epidemic that affects everyone in the world, unfortunately it is a part of life, but I believe society can make a difference.   I decided to learn about another factor the affect children and families in Africa.  In Uganda there is a rebel army called LRA tormenting villages, abducting children and forcing them to kill their parents. For the past 20 years the leader Kony, has forced over 30 thousand children to join his violent army, killing and mutilating people and forced them into prostitution. These stressors affect children’s development because many children live in fear and in hiding, sleeping in crowded small spaces to avoid capture during the night. They do not have a family system supporting them and taking care of their needs. Some of their parents are dead and they are on their own. I watched an inspiring video advocating the capture of these ruthless criminals and a young man, a former member of Kony’s army, said that he would rather be dead then to continue to live in fear, because there was no hope. A big campaign Kony 2012 was organized to make the world aware of the rebel violence in Uganda. The hope is to make him famous by exposing his acts of cruelty and recruiting others to capture Kony, disarm his rebels and reunite children with their surviving families. In the meantime, an organization called Invisible Children are in Uganda rebuilding villages, schools, creating jobs and established a warning system protecting villagers from rebel attacks.  US forces were sent to Uganda to assist their army in the capture of the rebels, but the US is contemplating removing soldiers because of the lack of interest from the world hence the campaign Kony 2012, urging that this is the year to stop his reign. To learn more about Kony 2012 or to join the campaign check out the website http://www.invisiblechildren.com/ .

Saturday, March 10, 2012

Child Development and Public Health

I decided to learn more about breastfeeding, as I researched the topic, I came across many vital benefits of breastfeeding for infants and mothers. This topic is meaningful to me because children’s health and nutrition drastically affects their healthy development in various developmental domains. I decided to find information about breastfeeding in Africa, because I work in a community with many families from Africa and I wanted to learn more information about their high infant mortality rate. Learning more about issues and concerns that effect children I encounter is important to help provide quality services and establish healthy relationships.  

Sierra Leone is located in West Africa and it has the highest infant mortality rate in Africa overall. The world’s average infant mortality rate in 2006 was 72 deaths per 1,000 births compared to Sierra Leone average rate 270 deaths per 1,000 births, children died from preventable causes such as diarrhea and malaria (Associated Press, 2008). In an effort to decrease the deaths of infants many campaigns rose to encourage woman to breastfeed to prevent or reverse the effects of illnesses. The Sierra Leone government established free health care for pregnant and breastfeeding women but women were either turned away due to lack of funds for medicine or clinics were inaccessible from their rural communities (Associated Press, 2008). Officials state progress is being made to strengthen their practices (Associated Press, 2008).  But there are more issues that interfere with mothers that decide to breastfeed their infants in Sierra Leone, one is malnutrition, and it prevents mothers from exclusively breastfeeding despite its many benefits. Many mothers do not have enough to eat and are often too hungry to breastfeed, as a substitute they feed their babies porridge and water (Kaplan, 2009).  Another issue is soon after birth women need to return to work on farms and cannot breastfeed and often leave their infants in the care of others (CRS., n.d). Also some traditional beliefs prevent women from breastfeeding over a long period of time.  Some believe it is unacceptable to have relations with breastfeeding women therefore many husbands pressure their wives to stop (Associated Press, 2008). Many efforts continue to encourage breastfeeding to cut the mortality rate in Sierra Leone.  Some family friendly farms were created to welcome working mothers with children under 3 to support exclusive breastfeeding (CRS., n.d). Mothers are able to bring their babies to work and afford nutritious food from crops. Breast milk offers perfect nutrition and changes to meet the needs of babies as they grow, it also fight and protect babies from illnesses and help reduce the mortality rate.

  The information I learned may impact my future work because I work with families from various parts of Africa and having an understanding of their culture and traditions sets the foundation for effective partnerships. Also in an effort of advocacy I can advocate healthy nutrition and the benefits of breastfeeding to families in the community and hopefully share they will share the information with their families in Africa to help reduce their high infant mortality rate. “One voice can change a room, and if one voice can change a room, then it can change a city, and if it can change a city, it can change a state, and if it change a state, it can change a nation, and if it can change a nation, it can change the world. Your voice can change the world.” ― Barack Obama

Resources                                                                                                   

Associated Press. (2008) UN Child Mortality Rate Highest In Sierra Leone. Retrieved from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22782340/ns/health-childrens_health/t/un-child-mortality-highest-sierra-leone/

Catholic Relief Services. (n.d) Agriculture for Health: Baby Friendly Farms Enabling Exclusive Breastfeeding in Sierra Leone. Retrieved from http://www.crsprogramquality.org/storage/pubs/agenv/babyfriendlyfarms.pdf

Kaplan, K. (2009) Salma Hayek On Why She Breastfed Another Woman’s Baby.  Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/story?id=6854285&page=1

Saturday, March 3, 2012

Childbirth––In My Life and Around the World

Ten years ago, I had the opportunity to witness the birth of my godson/cousin. I remember packing up to leave work on a Friday afternoon and I got a call from my cousin stating she was in labor and needed me to escort her to the hospital. I immediately went to her rescue and still had no idea I was getting ready to witness one of the most amazing things of my life. At the hospital, I stayed with her in the room, coaching her through contractions and trying to keep her as comfortable as possible, at the same time, I’m wondering when they were going to ask me to leave the room. When the doctor entered the room, he stated she was ready and the delivery process started quickly. I watched in amazement my cousin give birth to her son. Some many thoughts were running through my head, I remember thinking wow women are amazing, the human body is amazing, and this is awesome! I was in shock that I was actually witnessing a birth even after the baby was out I was still staring at the miracle that was unfolding before my eyes. I chose this example because I was at the doctor’s appointment when my cousin found out she was having a boy, I saw the growth of her belly through the nine months of pregnancy and I saw the miracle of his birth. I was overwhelmed with emotions it was an event that I will remember for the rest of my life!

My thoughts on birth and its impact on child development, is every child goes through the process of development. It involves the process of learning to walk, talk and mastering many other skills they will use for a life time. In understanding child development it is essential to learn about the different stages of birth and how it effects development. I also think it is important to learn about child birth around the globe because as professional we encounter children and families from diverse cultures.

In West Africa childbirth is interconnected with religious and medical practices. It is traditional for woman to give birth in a home setting squatting low to the ground surrounded by female relatives, some serving as midwives. The squatting position signifies the mother’s connection with the earth. The similarity with my childbirth example is my cousin was supported by a relative during labor and delivery. The differences are she gave birth in a hospital lying on a hospital bed and a doctor was present. Oppose to at home squatting on a stool, with midwives. Other insights I gained about birthing experiences in Africa are the fact that Africa has the highest mortality rate of mother and child due to the lack of training of medical staff and inaccessibility to medical clinics.

Resources                             
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6558064